and total factor productivity growth in small and large states in the South. There are three main findings. First …, productivity growth increases with North-South trade-related technology diffusion and education and the interaction between the two … their interaction on productivity growth in small states is more than three times that for large countries, with the …

, there is limited evidence on the consequences of child labor on socioeconomic outcomes such as education, wages, and health … (young) adults who worked as children. The authors find no significant effects on health. Over a longer horizon, they …

"There is a growing literature that investigates the effect of trade liberalization on productivity. Nearly all such … studies assume that trade policy is determined independently of productivity, hence it is exogenous. The author shows that … the positive effect of liberalization on productivity when they do not account for the endogeneity bias. On the theory …

for greater capital accumulation, without being fully reflected in a higher rate of total factor productivity (TFP) growth …

"The empirical evidence on whether participation in export markets increases plant-level productivity has been … productivity increases 4-5 percent for each additional year a plant has exported, after controlling for the effect of current … exports on total factor productivity. Learning-by-exporting is more important for young than for old plants and in industries …