countries but seems not to increase over time. Besides gender, social and migration background and the appearance of students … important peer effect that should not be omitted in the estimation of educational production functions. …

. We also examine the impacts of various family structures and compare social orphans (non-orphaned children not living … with a biological parent) to orphans. Using household fixed-effects estimation, we provide evidence that children not …In this paper, we examine how orphanhood affects children's educational and health outcomes in eleven sub …

regions and cohorts with poorer family background. Parental education has had asymmetric effects, positive on attainment and … individuals with poor family background and negative for individuals born in regions and cohorts with relatively high parental … to parental education in the production of individual human capital. When school quality and family background are …

This paper investigates the relationship between the gender wage gap, the choice of training occupation, and … persistent gender wage gap over experience, the gap has decreased over time. Second, in the lower part of the wage distribution … distribution. We conclude that occupational mobility has reduced the gender wage gap, but lock{in effects are still stronger for …