parental education has had an even stronger impact on attainment. We also find that the positive impact of better school … negative on school returns. Better school quality has also had asymmetric effects on the returns to education, positive for … education. Our evidence suggests that better school quality, measured by a lower pupil-teacher ratio, is a technical substitute …

"It is well known that children reared in non-intact families on average have less favorable educational outcomes than … children reared in two-parent families. Evidence from the United States and Sweden indicates that living in a non-intact family … children's outcomes in terms of educational attainment and earnings using data from Sweden and the United States. Comparing the …