parental education has had an even stronger impact on attainment. We also find that the positive impact of better school … negative on school returns. Better school quality has also had asymmetric effects on the returns to education, positive for … education. Our evidence suggests that better school quality, measured by a lower pupil-teacher ratio, is a technical substitute …

"In many countries, college-bound high school seniors must pass a test or series of tests. In Israel, this requirement … incentives to high school seniors in an experimental demonstration program. As a theoretical matter, such incentives may be … pressure not to study. The experiment studied here used a school-based randomization design offering awards to all students in …