long term unemployment and exclusion, on the improvement of basic and professional qualification of the working population … in a perspective of lifelong training, namely as a way to prevent unemployment phenomena, and on the preventive …

) have been used as a means to fight high unemployment. This paper discusses the mechanisms through which ALMPs affect (un)employment … open unemployment, but also reduced regular employment. The overall policy conclusion is that ALMPs of the scale used in …. There should be a greater emphasis on holding down long-term unemployment in general and a smaller emphasis on youth …

Swedish unemployment was very low up to the early 1990s when it rose rapidly. At the same time manufacturing employment …