While firms increasingly adopt open innovation, little is known about whether firms gain or lose from this innovation … open innovation strategies, particularly collaboration and contractual forms of relationships for innovation (i ….e. innovation cooperation and R&D outsourcing/external R&D). The thesis is empirical and relates the various results to the data …

, and experimental work. All studies deal with the innovation effects of public procurement, that is, the purchase by … governments of goods and services. The idea that public procurement can stimulate innovation originates from the seminal work of … Joseph Schumpeter and Jacob Schmookler, which suggests that innovation is sensible to general demand conditions. However …