violence against civilians, but over time there was a decrease. We also find that COVID-19 had an early demobilising effect vis …-à-vis protest and mob violence, a consequence of lockdowns and mobility restrictions. Yet, protest has quickly returned to pre …

In spring 2020, observers and practitioners warned that COVID-19 would increase violence in sub-Saharan Africa by … pandemic, violence did increase in 2020, rising by 40 and 60 per cent in terms of fatalities and events, respectively …. Controlling for important confounders, COVID-19 proves significant to the increase in violence in many models; however, a robust …