this sense, the Iranian revolutionaries felt the obligation to actively reintroduce Islam as a revelation for the whole … the revo¬lution should no longer be exported actively, but that Iran should serve as an example. Consequently, Supreme … Leader Khamenei called the events of the Arab Spring a "natural enlargement of Iran's Islamic revolution of 1979" and …

This paper seeks to explain how Iran’s regime persisted in the face of international sanc-tions during Mahmud …

The present article aims to analyze the effects of high oil prices since 2003 on Iran … examines the issue areas of foreign policy, domestic policy and economic policy. After proving that the oil price—despite fluctuations—has constantly been at a high level in the first decade of the twenty-first century, the discussion demonstrates that Iran … has used the increased rent in-come to support a populist policy. In terms of economic policy, the regime has pursued a redistributive strategy. The country’s foreign policy, particularly the ostentatiously pursued atomic program, has been very expensive since it provoked sanctions whose costs were initially balanced only by high rent income. Yet, in his first term, Ahmadinejad failed to prepare Iran …

This paper analyzes the role of religion with regard to the violence experienced during the past 20 years in Côte d …’Ivoire. It seeks to explain the differences in the level of violence over time by focusing on religion as an identity marker and …‐/ out‐group mechanism utilized in Côte d’Ivoire in the 1990s, while the political elites tried to politicize religion. In …

Given the widespread focus on socioeconomic factors, it comes as no surprise that religion is neglected in most … based on a newly compiled database including 28 violent conflicts show that religion plays a role more frequently than is … impact on conflict. Even though religion seems secondary when compared to classical “risk factors,” the findings demonstrate …

, social science research has inadequately addressed the question of how and to what extent religion matters for conflict in … Africa. This paper presents an innovative data inventory on religion and violent conflict in all sub-Saharan countries for … the period 1990–2008 that seeks to contribute to filling the gap. The data underscore that religion has to be accounted …

Theoretically, the “mobilization hypothesis” establishes a link between religion and conflict by arguing that religious … of African armed conflicts, this assumption has not yet been backed by systematic empirical research on the religion … well as religious factors indicating actual politicization of religion (e.g. inter-religious tensions, religious …