Although today's main organisation principle of monetary spaces is the nation-state's one, everyone can see it is not totally the case because of the existence and the development of local and social currencies and other sorts of parallel currencies. European history gives very useful lessons on...

Settlement-delivery (S&D) operations of CSDs or ICSDs are the second last stage of the securities treatment procedure, the last stage being the delivery of securities into the accounts of the final holders by their account managers/custodians. As for national transfers, the organisation is...

Les dépositaires centraux (CSD) remplissent deux fonctions dans un cadre national : la conservation ultime de titres et l'administration des systèmes de règlement livraison. Or, le passage d'une espace nationale à un espace domestique européen, met en évidence des surcapacités et des...