Russia is the world's biggest natural gas producer, with output of 581 bn m3 in 2001, and is also a key supplier of the European gas market (around 30% of current EU gas imports). Therefore gas exports rank with oil exports as an essential variable of Russian economic policy, and any...

Russia is the world's biggest natural gas producer, with output of 581 bn m3 in 2001, and is also a key supplier of the European gas market (around 30% of current EU gas imports). Therefore gas exports rank with oil exports as an essential variable of Russian economic policy, and...

La Russie, le premier producteur mondial de gaz avec 581 milliards de m3 en 2001 est aussi un fournisseur essentiel du marché gazier européen (30% environs des importations actuelles de l'Union européenne). Ainsi, au même titre que le pétrole, les exportations gazières sont une variable...

Settlement-delivery (S&D) operations of CSDs or ICSDs are the second last stage of the securities treatment procedure, the last stage being the delivery of securities into the accounts of the final holders by their account managers/custodians. As for national transfers, the organisation is...

Les dépositaires centraux (CSD) remplissent deux fonctions dans un cadre national : la conservation ultime de titres et l'administration des systèmes de règlement livraison. Or, le passage d'une espace nationale à un espace domestique européen, met en évidence des surcapacités et des...

The issue of EU gas supply security has become more and more important in the 2000s in the context of the gas market liberalisation and the question of reliability of Russian supplier. One answer to these problems is the EU gas diversification, specifically the opening up of a fourth gas...