exchange rate, expressed in real terms. To this end, weproceed to a cointegration and causality study between the two variables …. Our results indicate that causality runs from oil prices to the exchange rate and that the relationship between the two …

This paper is dedicated to the empirical exploration of the welfare effect of expectations and progress per se. Using …

, researchers control endogeneity skews (e.g., reverse causality, omitted variables) when conducting empirical analysis. With these …

to infer causality of improvement of public transport. The size of companies, defined by the number of jobs they offer … largely defined by the level of improvement to urban public transport in each zone of the city but the causality relationship … seams to have a causality relationship with the income of inhabitants in each zone and the number of jobs, and this changes …

expectations in the sense that any other expectations justifying his choices imply a smaller likelihood for the history he observes … with limited memory, then there are rationally formed expectations equilibria exhibiting an excess volatility that no … rational expectations equilibrium can match. Given that the limited records or finite memory case may arguably be the relevant …

rules and institutions they face. This allows to proxy the bailout expectations in both countries and their role in … determining soft budget spending behaviors. A larger impact of expectations is taken as evidence of greater discretion in fiscal … soft budget constraints and bailing out expectations are a quantitatively important component of local government spending …