White certificate obligations impose energy savings targets on energy companies and allow them to trade energy savings certificates. They can be seen as a means of internalizing energy-use externalities and addressing energy efficiency market failures. This paper reviews existing evaluations of...

This paper discusses necessary optimality conditions for multi-objective optimization problems with application to the Second Theorem of Welfare Economics. We use the extremal principle, since we consider non-convex sets non-smooth functions. Particularly, we develop a slight generalization of...

The aim of this paper is to consider the moments and the semi-moments (i.e semi-kurtosis) for portfolio selection with fuzzy risk factors (i.e. trapezoidal risk factors). In order to measure the leptokurtocity of fuzzy portfolio return, notions of moments (i.e. Kurtosis) kurtosis and...