ensure equity and efficiency and funding for the longer term. We also define a contributory financing scheme for higher …

The starting point of this paper is to consider that there is no general answer to the question of the equity of urban … the level of traffic reduction induced by tolling. Stringent tolls are more favourable to low-income motorists. Equity … improves their situation while an exemption for Paris residents is neutral. Surprisingly, it matters little for social equity …

framework combines the dimensions of economic efficiency (to manage the demand efficiently), territorial equity (guarantee of … accessibility), horizontal equity (user-pays principle), and vertical equity (welfare of most underprivileged). The application of … efficiency and equity generally reinforce themselves in their negative or positive aspects. This analysis also showed that these …

"?The central issue is that of equity, in a context of conflict of interests, where all the countries do not contribute to GHG … possible cost.Our paper addresses the two inter-related issues of equity and cost-efficiency: we examine the conditions in …

, do assessment tools enable the evaluation of social equity? In the French case, assessment methodologies - cost … for each urban transport system user, analysis does not linger over individual impacts. The question of social equity is …

diversified portfolio composed of energy (oil, gas, coal), weather, bond, equity risky assets, and of a riskless asset (U.S. T …