L'objectif de cet article est de montrer les limites des principaux indicateurs de performance des banques et de proposer une approche en terme de rendement et de risque calculés pour chaque banque à partir de plusieurs facteurs de risque.

In a crisis of public finances, France bases all its hopes on the "evaluation of performance" to moderate the effects of a complex crisis. Under the banner of "modernization of the State", a new "financial constitution" called the Organic Law on finance laws (LOLF) became the main lever of...

In Europe, interesting European experiences in the field of production of indicators in order tomeasure the performance (as efficiency) of the public transport exists. This paper analyses five European cases: England, France, Norway, Sweden, and Italy. Those countries have more or less recent...

Climate change, demographic concentration, new needs, sustainable development etc. are many examples of uncontrolled mutations in space and time, which impact on the degree of satisfaction of water needs in the world, and which call for a new analysis of the water issue. This new perspective, in...

Water scarcity is a characteristic of north-western states of India, such as Gujarat. Over time, the continuous increase of the population as well as the financial, administrative and technical deficiencies of the new supply system have lead to the deterioration of the water service in the city....

This article presents our research on a well-documented stylized fact : the social construction of water scarcity. Starting with the hypothesis that the study of water use standards offers a relevant frame of reference to deal with scarcity, this proposai suggests that water use is directly...