This article explores the main determinants of the hazard of recidivism among ex-prisoners. We use a nationally … results confirm the importance of gender, age, nationality, access to employment and prior convictions on recidivism within … five years after release from prison. We also find significant differences in hazards of recidivism by type of initial …

group's overall welfare (James S. Coleman, 1990). Norms require enforcement with a system of sanctions that penalize … deviations from acceptable behavior (George C. Homans, 1961). Formal sanctions include fines or restrictions implemented by a … legal system or private individuals that impose costs of money and time on the offender. However, informal sanctions such as …

punishment in a social dilemma. Emotional reaction to free-riding incites individuals to apply sanctions when they are available …. The application of sanctions activates a "virtuous emotional circle" that accompanies cooperation. Emotionally aroused …

prenante ou en cas d'appel des décisions de l'AMF. Dans ce dernier cas, les juges confirment majoritairement les sanctions …

other types of crime. Since robberies represent a very minor fraction of all criminal offenses, the effect on the overall …We examine the empirical relationship between immigration and crime across Italian provinces during the period 1990 … with the incidence of property crimes and with the overall crime rate. Then, we use instrumental variables based on …

unaffected all other types of crime. Since robberies represent a very minor fraction of all criminal offenses, the effect on the …In this paper we examine the empirical relationship between immigration and crime across Italian provinces during the … positively correlated with the incidence of property crimes and with the overall crime rate. Then, we use instrumental variables …