Privately, the most profitable human use of biomass is widespread monoculture, which creates large target hosts that invite potentially lethal pathogens. In analyzing the tradeoffs, I explain how the famous formula for ecological entropy, H'= -E qj log qj, can be given a mathematically rigorous...

We develop a model of hierarchies based on the allocation of authority. A firm's owners have ultimate authority over a firm's decisions, but they have limited time or capacity to exercise this authority. Hence owners must delegate authority to subordinates. However, these subordinates also have...