on the effect of civil war, we find that villagelevel violence, measured as the number of battle-related deaths or … period. Results are robust to alternative variables of civil war shocks and model specifications, including household fixed …

Grievance and reduced opportunity costs are two popular ideas within the civil war literature to explain participation … war in Burundi. We use historical data on violent attacks in 1972 and 1988 as a proxy for grievance. The cross … literature: commodity price shocks show no robust relationship with civil war violence while weather shocks do. …

Recent research on violence against civilians during wars has emphasized war-related factors over political ones. For … factors such as ideological alignments or local political competition. In this paper, I argue that the emphasis on war … political and war-related factors. Hypotheses are tested using data on 1,377 municipalities during the Spanish Civil War. I find …

Since World War II there have been about fifty episodes of large-scale mass killings of civilians and massive forced … interstate war, as in the latter group sizes matter less for future rents. In non polarized societies there are asymmetric …

This paper challenges the idea that farmers revert to subsistence farming when confronted with violence from civil war … are confronted with civil war violence in their home communities increase export and cash crop growing activities, invest …