rate for all transactions. We show that the dual exchange rate policies can be usefully cast as distortionary taxes on …

mechanism depend critically on the precise composition of taxes. Specifically, the international effects of budget deficits of a … given size differ sharply according to the types of taxes used to generate the deficit. We show that in determining the … effects of taxes it is useful to divide the various distortionary taxes into two groups: those that stimulate current external …

-distortionary taxes and for various patterns of government spending, it is shown that the quantitative and qualitative effects of fiscal … and tax structure, including the timing of taxes and borrowing and the types of taxes used to finance the budget, on the …