arguably very high, so only productive firms can achieve this (Schroeder et al. 2003). Low productivity firms, by contrast, may … firms we investigate the relationship between firm productivity and the use of export intermediaries. Our estimation results … take simultaneity problems into account and reveal that indeed low productivity firms tend to export through intermediaries …

question whether this has led to productivity gains within firms. I address this question by combining industry-level data on … offshoring and domestic outsourcing with a firm panel. I find that offshoring of non-core activities has led to productivity … gains whereas offshoring of core activities and domestic outsourcing have had no such effects. The estimated productivity …