coal to gas on a forward level, we found evidence of a switching effect. Yet, on a spot level the demand effect seems to … both the switching and the demand effect. The significant weather variations suggest that their influence on EUA prices is … less driven by their effect on energy demand but more by their effect on the provision of carbon-free renewable energy …

in this investigation. The empirical evidence is mixed. There is some evidence of opportunistic cycles in monetary policy …. But the evidence of positive effects of the independence of the central bank is rather weak. Scarcely any evidence is …

public debt. Furthermore weak evidence is found of the independence of the central bank influencing the rclation between the … level of debt and inflation. No evidence is found, however, that independent central banks react more restrictive to rising …

shocks. For five countries, the effects are more or less the same; in Japan, however, the exchange rate effect dominates the … effect stemming from foreign economic activity, the opposite is true for France. Finally, exchange rate volatility does not …

evidence for a structural break in persistence at all quantiles of the inflation process in the early 1980s. While prior to the …