productivity of a firm, the more likely it is to opt for centralized wage formation where it can hide behind less productive firms …

The effects of unions on productivity and firm performance have been the topic of extensive research. Existing studies … of identical firms. This paper studies how different unionisation structures affect firm productivity and firm … tougher selection among heterogeneous producers and thus increases average productivity, firm-level bargaining allows less …

wage rate equal to their marginal productivity. However, this observation is not supported empirically for various … the Pigouvian exploitation rate. In this paper, the authors calculate this specific wage-productivity gap for the … government taxation, capital expansion, unionization, inflation. The authors find that the wage productivity gap gives a robust …

-unemployment regions). We suggest that the longer people are unemployed, the greater is the likelihood of falling into a low-productivity …) training subsidies. We show that the employment effects of these policies depend crucially on whether low-productivity traps …