to Granger causality tests within a panel cointegration framework. It turns out that the growth effects of FDI vary …

We consider the empirical relevance of two opposing hypotheses on the causality between income and democracy: The … Democratic Transition claims that rising incomes cause a transi¬tion to democracy, whereas the Critical Junctures hypothesis … as instruments for modern income levels, and find a large long-run causal effect of income on the degree of democracy …

democratic political system. This is shown by using the Gastil democracy index from Freedom House. First, the basic pattern of … correlations reveals that a good deal of the short- to medium-run causality appears to be from democracy to income. Then a set of … extreme biogeographic instruments is used to demon¬strate that the long-run causality is from income to democracy. The long …

-fixed and time-fixed effects removes the statistical significance of income as a causal factor of democracy. We argue that their … reveals the strong effect of income on democracy …

two views. Property rights do affect development as suggested by the PoI. However, democracy is mainly an effect of …

The economic implications and the income distribution effects of the CU between Turkey and the EU have been studied by …

The impact on internal migration of the recent Customs Union (CU) agreement between Turkey and the European Union (EU …

cointegration techniques to control for omitted variable and endogeneity bias. We find that aid exerts an inequality increasing …