specialized occupations. Compared to non-migrants, immigrants receive more than twice the return for using English. Returns depend … crucially on speaking German well, thus excluding many first generation migrants and are found to occur particularly in service … occupations that involve international factor flows. In such occupations it is likely that migrants can apply complementary skills …

forced population movements in history. We analyze the economic integration of these forced migrants and their offspring in … West Germany. The empirical results suggest that even a quarter of a century after displacement, first generation migrants … and native West Germans that were comparable before the war perform strikingly different. Migrants have substantially …