ought to be sensitive only to changes in the income-distribution of the poor population of any society. In practice, most … poverty indices advanced in the literature satisfy an income-focus but not a population-focus axiom. This, it is argued in the … either satisfy both income and population focus or violate both, or which effectively do not recognize a clear …

In this paper we apply two statistical models to the measurement of polarization to Israeli income data over the past … decade in order to empirically detect income classes as sub-populations of incomes concentrated around an optimal number of … components, consistent with the axioms spelled out by Esteban and Ray (1994): alienation and identification, the number of income …

increase the income of the poor except for its effect on average income. We test the robustness of their finding by using a … that more quality-adjusted education does increase the income of the poor in addition to its positive effect on average … income. Hence effective education policies should be an essential component of any poverty-reduction strategy. …

for climate research and other studies at global, regional and country level. Based on the global income distribution and …

-reported health. No e ects are found on depression and cognitive capacity. We trace these positive outcomes to an income e ect which …

market frictions such as credit constraints, can alleviate persistent cross-dynastic income inequality through increasing the …-dynastic income inequality. Finally, it is proved that foreign equity flows benefit the initially less active stock markets more than …