causal impact of openness on democratization. A positive impact of openness on democracy is apparent from about 1895 onwards …We study whether international trade fosters democracy. The likely endogeneity between democracy and trade is addressed …. Late nineteenth century trade globalization may have helped generate the "first wave" of democratization. Between 1920 and …

of democracy (rather than democracy vs. non-democracy) has important consequences for the adoption of structural polices … opposed to majoritarian) and permanent (as opposed to temporary) democracy appear to produce the most growth …

When democracy is new, it is often fragile and not fully consolidated. We investigate how the danger of a collapse of … democracy may affect fiscal policy in new democracies in comparison to countries where democracy is older and often more … established. We argue that the attitude of the citizenry towards democracy is important in preventing democratic collapse, and …