, ethnicity, and gender in the United States. However, the data necessary to detect possible discrimination and to act to counter … pictures to identify race, ethnicity, and gender. We show that one can use LinkedIn data to obtain reasonably reliable measures … of workforce demographic composition by race, ethnicity, and gender, based on validation exercises comparing estimates …

(i) client discrimination; (ii) other work-related discrimination; and (iii) harassment. Overall, our results indicate … that conventional measures of earnings discrimination are not closely linked to the racial and gender bias that new lawyers … disparity in self-assessed bias across gender and racial groups. …

work, using recently-constructed matched employer-employee data at the establishment level. We explicitly measure the … importance of network effects for groups broken out by race, ethnicity, and various measures of skill, for networks generated by …