This paper highlights the employment patterns of China’s over-45 population and, for perspective, places them in the … context of work and retirement patterns in Indonesia, Korea, the United States, and the United Kingdom. As is common in many … developing countries, China can be characterized as having two retirement systems: a formal system, under which urban employees …

Danish reform. We separately identify the effect of aid from that of other observed and unobserved variables such as parental … income. We exploit the combination of a kinked aid scheme and a reform of the student aid scheme to identify the effect of …