democracy disappears once including country fixed effects. This paper tests the hypothesis that the effect of income on … democracy might differ systematically across countries. A replication of the estimation in a less restrictive empirical … framework provides evidence for significant but heterogeneous effects of income on democracy for former colonies and non …

economic growth. The theory thus contributes to the understanding of the advent of divergence and overtaking in the process of … development. Consistently with the theory, the empirical analysis establishes that (i) geographical isolation prevalent in pre …