investigate the importance of characteristics related to immigration for the labour market position of Turkish immigrants. We use … explained partly by differences in immigration rules. In Germany economic self-reliance is more important than in the …

after immigration, followed by family-based visa recipients, with refugees having the lowest proficiency. These differences … disappear by 3 ½ years after immigration for speaking skills, but they persist for reading and writing skills. The variables …

for native workers, we expect that the impact of immigration will be largest immediately upon the immigrants’ arrival, and … substitutes for natives because of their lack of local human capital, the initial effect of immigration is small, and the effect … other hand, we do not find any effect of immigration on employment, neither in the short nor in the long run. …

This paper examines the effect of immigration directly on the overall utility of natives. To the best of our knowledge … robust, positive effect of immigration on natives' well-being. The presence of confounding local labour market … characteristics has a negligible impact on the estimates. Furthermore, we find substantial evidence that the effect of immigration on …