of deviations between required and attained education of workers. Required education is measured as hiring standards set …

We use data on refugees admitted to the Netherlands that include registration of education in their homeland by … finding is the absence of returns to higher education. …

We apply a recently proposed method to disentangle unobserved heterogeneity from risk in returns to education. We … college education cannot universally be considered an insurance against unpredictability of wages. One conclusion is …