This paper surveys the trends in gender gaps in education, their causes and potential policy implications. I show that … tertiary education students and graduates. Existing evidence suggests that this pattern is a result of a combination of … increasing returns to education and lower female effort costs of education. Widening gender gap in education combined with recent …

Many authors have recently suggested that the heterogeneity in the quality of early education may be one of the key …-1977 significantly reduced the degree of heterogeneity in the Finnish primary and secondary education. The reform shifted the tracking … age in secondary education from age 10 to 16 and imposed a uniform academic curriculum on entire cohorts until the end of …

school and significantly reduced the degree of heterogeneity in the Finnish primary and secondary education. We estimate the … the scores of students from families where parents had only basic education. …

education and gender differences in educational attainment and income. We argue that in a system that streams students into … the tracking age increased gender differences in the probability of choosing the academic secondary education and in the … probability of continuing into academic tertiary education. The reform had particularily negative effects on boys from non …