This paper examines the interactive effect of distance and trade on international conflict and cooperation. The effect … of geographic distance depends on trade, while the effect of trade varies with geographic distance. Trade reduces …

inverse trade-conflict relationship, but is the opposite of the conclusion reached by Gartzke et al. (2001), who reject the … opportunity costs as the basis for the inverse trade-conflict relationship, thus implying that one need not rely on signaling. …

The Punjab Female School Stipend Program, a female-targeted conditional cash transfer program in Pakistan, was …