differences between each migrant’s actual years of education and the estimated typical years of education in the narrowly defined … occupation in which they work. We find that migrants living in New Zealand for less than 5 years are on average overeducated …, while earlier migrants are on average undereducated. However, once accounting for heterogeneity, we find that both …

for native workers, we expect that the impact of immigration will be largest immediately upon the immigrants’ arrival, and … substitutes for natives because of their lack of local human capital, the initial effect of immigration is small, and the effect … other hand, we do not find any effect of immigration on employment, neither in the short nor in the long run. …

some studies suggesting that migrants are miserable in their new locations. Observational studies are potentially biased by … the self-selection of migrants so a natural experiment is used to compare successful and unsuccessful applicants to a …