's innovation and export activities, using unique firm survey data which provides direct measures for innovations and firm … export and innovation activities to become substitutes although they are generally natural complements. …

1999-2004 and measure innovation performance by the (value-adjusted) number of patent applications at the European Patent … firms as well as immobile workers on the innovation performance of their employer. Our main result is that mobile university … scientists contribute substantially more to innovation than R&D workers hired from other firms who, in turn, contribute slightly …