This paper explores the relationship between openness to trade, immigration, and income per person across countries. To … predictors of openness to immigration and to trade for each country by using information on bilateral geographical and cultural … to immigration on long-run income per capita. In contrast, we are unable to establish an effect of trade openness on …

Two large but separate bodies of literature analyze the economic effects of international trade and immigration. Given … that several factors are important determinants of both trade and migration flows, the previous studies are vulnerable to a … potentially serious omitted-variables bias, questioning the validity of existing estimates of the effects of trade and immigration …