of natural selection are made weaker because trade allows people to specialize in those activities where they are strong …, and to offset their weaknesses by purchasing adequate goods on the market. Absent trade, people must allocate their time … alleles at all locations. Under trade, there exist long-run equilibria where less fit individuals are able to achieve the same …

The Punjab Female School Stipend Program, a female-targeted conditional cash transfer program in Pakistan, was …

Pakistan's education system faces long-standing problems in access, quality, and equal opportunity at every level … elusive. The inability of successive governments to reform the system has created severe constraints for Pakistan's economic … education. We discuss in this paper the imperative for education system reform in Pakistan, and articulate why a window of …