achievement level lead us to explore in this paper whether the increased immigration has differential effects by gender and race …

incorporating dynamics among family members – mother, father and children. Single equation, bivariate, and four-state (multivariate … unmeasured determinants of proficiency exist between spouses, between siblings, and between parents and children, although the …

of the foreign born and of the native born with native-born parents. Teenage immigration is associated with fewer years … of schooling compared to those who immigrated at pre-teen or post-teen ages. The gender difference in educational …

gender equality in the parents' country of ancestry. We find that the higher the degree of gender equality in the country of …This paper explores the role of cultural attitudes towards women in determining math educational gender gaps using the … epidemiological approach. To identify whether culture matters, we estimate whether the math gender gap for each immigrant group living …

, have under-age children, and parents who are self-employed themselves. When women are younger and more educated but have … children, they choose self-employment as a way to circumvent unemployment. Women who are more educated and do not have under …-age children are more likely to be businesswomen in the salaried sector, suggesting a clear choice for a secure job. East German …