, there is little reliable evidence on how the inclusion of such non-cash income actually affects poverty and inequality … and poverty rates by almost one-third. However, adjusting for differences in needs for public services across population … subgroups offsets about half the inequality reduction and some of the poverty decrease. …

is evidence about real income levels and inequality, and the prevalence of affluence and of poverty. …

effects, particularly among urban households. Per capita consumption fell by 12.6%, raising poverty by 5.5 percentage points …, issues of measurement error, and different samples. The negative effects of the storm partly explain the increase in poverty …

Bislang beschränkt sich die Messung von Armut und Ungleichheit in der deutschen Armutsberichterstattung im Wesentlichen … Einkommensverteilung stellt sich bei einer erweiterten Betrachtung weniger ungleich dar, als aufgrund des derzeitigen Vorgehens in der …

, stable, and non-means-tested benefit. Its main aims are to mitigate poverty and subsequently promote self …

We measure the effects of trade liberalization over the period of 1993-2002 on regional poverty levels in 259 … four three-year periods. We find that poverty reduced more in regions that were more strongly exposed to import tariff … increasing firm competitiveness as a driving factor behind the beneficial poverty effects. …