but offsetting in Hungary and Romania, and from small effects of all types in Russia and Ukraine. The positive employment …

Russia than in Ukraine. The intriguing question is why returns to schooling in Russia and Ukraine diverged so much over the …This study provides the first set of estimates of the returns to schooling over an extended period in Russia and … Ukraine (1985-2002). There has been an increase in returns to schooling in both countries but the increase is much bigger in …

Soviet Republics of Russia and Ukraine. Exploiting annual manufacturing census data from 1985 to 2000, we find that Soviet … reforming Russia than in "gradualist" Ukraine, as did the estimated effects of privatization and competitive pressures from … Russia displayed job flow behavior quite different from market economies, with very low rates of job reallocation that bore …

in the former Soviet Republics of Russia and Ukraine. Analyzing interfirm reallocation of output, labor, capital, and an … input index with annual industrial census data from 1985 to 2001, we find that Soviet Russia displayed low reallocation …

We introduce three variations of the Hirshleifer-Skaperdas conflict game to study experimentally the effects of post-conflict … altogether, often after substantial initial conflict. To attain peace, players must first engage in costly signaling by making …

analyze whether and how quickly a conflict-avoidance take-turn strategy can emerge. First, our results show that players learn … to solve the conflict by choosing opposite options at both stages of the game. Second, many adopt a take-turn strategy to … increases the likelihood of conflict resolution even when a single pair member has the right to communicate. …

better the social tension and conflict that underlie some of the pathways linking income disparities and individual health …

. Specialization based on comparative advantage leads to gains from trade. If political conflict leads to a diminution of trade, then … at least a portion of the costs of conflict can be measured by a nation's lost gains from trade. The greater two nations …' gain from trade the more costly is bilateral (dyadic) conflict. This notion forms the basis of Baron de Montesquieu …