This paper highlights the employment patterns of China’s over-45 population and, for perspective, places them in the … context of work and retirement patterns in Indonesia, Korea, the United States, and the United Kingdom. As is common in many … developing countries, China can be characterized as having two retirement systems: a formal system, under which urban employees …

unions are remarkable: unions in the workplace significantly improve productivity but reduce enterprise profitability …

China has achieved impressive growth over the last three decades. However, there has been debate over the sources of … quantifying their contributions to growth. In this paper, we develop a three-sector dynamic model to quantify the sources of China … continues to absorb more than half of all fixed investment. If capital had been allocated efficiently, China could have achieved …

the same increase in the dual productivity growth (that is, the difference in productivity growth between the traded and … expected as a consequence of productivity convergence on the basis of the B-S effect. …

things equal. Increased participation in higher education enhances productivity progress and is accompanied by rising wage …

This paper provides a simple theory of geographical mobility which simultaneously explains people’s choice of … of production which seeks to obtain the highest possible economic return. Our theory comprehends applications to …