, as might have been expected after the transition in South Africa. This finding is robust when measurement error is … role. We also find four types of poverty traps, associated with large initial household size, poor initial education, poor …

, there is little reliable evidence on how the inclusion of such non-cash income actually affects poverty and inequality … and poverty rates by almost one-third. However, adjusting for differences in needs for public services across population … subgroups offsets about half the inequality reduction and some of the poverty decrease. …

is evidence about real income levels and inequality, and the prevalence of affluence and of poverty. …

In the context of South Africa's pervasive poverty and mass unemployment, households provide an important private …