favoring girls, and that the misalignment of grades and test scores can be linked to gender differences in non …We extend the analysis of early-emerging gender differences in academic achievement to include both (objective) test … scores and (subjective) teacher assessments. Using data from the 1998-99 ECLS-K cohort, we show that the grades awarded by …

how they will respond if a child brought home bad grades, parents state that they would be less likely to punish their …

substantial portions of the variance in achievement test scores and grades, which are often used as measures of cognition, are …

expectations about the age at which one will leave the labor market appears to be easier for workers in jobs with welldefined …

candidate is expectations: what people expect could affect how they feel about what actually occurs. In a real-effort experiment …, we manipulate the rational expectations of subjects and check whether this manipulation influences their effort provision …-based reference-dependent preferences: if expectations are high, subjects work longer and earn more money than if expectations are low. …

suggests that emigrants may have over-optimistic expectations about the incomes they can earn abroad, resulting in excessive … experiment with unique survey data on would-be emigrants' probabilistic expectations about employment and incomes in the … migration destination. Our procedure enables us to obtain moments and quantiles of the subjective distribution of expected …

theories have assumed that the U-shape is caused by unmet expectations that are felt painfully in midlife but beneficially … abandoned and experienced with less regret during old age. In a unique panel of 132,609 life satisfaction expectations matched … support theories that unmet expectations drive the age U-shape in wellbeing. …

As evidence is accumulating that subjective expectations influence behavior and that these expectations are sometimes … biased, it becomes policy-relevant to know how to influence individuals' expectations. Information in the media is likely to … real-life expectations formation process. For this purpose, an exceptional Dutch dataset on monthly expectations regarding …