budget as a strategy to maintain and expand their political capital. Second, we examine whether such a strategy is rewarded …

Energy subsidies are used widely. Although adverse from an efficiency perspective, subsidies confer private benefits on … overcoming the barriers to reform. The starting point is to look at the motives lying behind the adoption of energy subsidies … then looks at the characteristics of countries that use energy subsidies. Countries with weak institutions – often non …

: unemployment vouchers and low-wage subsidies. The unemployment vouchers are targeted exclusively at the unemployed (especially the … long-term unemployed) and are provided only for a limited period of time. The low-wage subsidies, on the other hand, are … relative to low-wage subsidies. Conversely, the greater the danger that workers come to be trapped in dead-end jobs with flat …

location being determined by the level of education subsidies. For low transport costs, firms agglomerate in one region. We …

legal framework directly affecting part-time positions and the creation of financial incentives (subsidies and improvement … and the stringency of employment protection legislation for regular contracts, are found to significantly but indirectly …

of eligibility for the subsidies. To the extent that children from low-income households experience undernourishment with …

the link between production-related subsidies and exports. We document that only a small fraction of enterprises is … subsidized, and that exports and subsidies are positively related. Using a matching approach to investigate the causal effect of … subsidies on export activities we find no impact of subsidies on the probability to start exporting, and only weak evidence for …

the government incentive to impact on entry costs, and how entry subsidies can be used strategically in open economies. We … the monopoly pricing distortion. In the autarky equilibrium these subsidies trigger entry, but they eventually do not lead … to more but to better firms in the market. In the open economy there is another, strategic motive for entry subsidies as …