simultaneity between police and crime. In Italy police officers can only be hired through lengthy national public contests which …This paper exploits dictated delays in local police hiring by a centralized national authority to break the … requested police officers are recruited and become operational. We show that this endogeneity vanishes once, controlling for …

identifies a causal impact of police on crime. Implementing an instrumental variable approach shows an elasticity of crime with …In this paper we study the causal impact of police on crime by looking at what happened to crime before and after the … respect to police of approximately -0.3, so that a 10 percent increase in police activity reduces crime by around 3 percent. …

This paper argues that terrorism, beyond its immediate impact on innocent victims, also raises the costs of crime, and … therefore, imposes a negative externality on potential criminals. Terrorism raises the costs of crime through two channels: (i …) by increasing the presence and activity of the police force, and (ii) causing more people to stay at home rather than …

presented points to a causal effect of the IGESP on crime. The most conservative estimates indicate a reduction of 24% in … property crimes and 13% in personal crimes. There is also evidence that the IGESP is associated with improved police response … represented by the program may constitute a first-order factor in a successful policy for fighting crime. …

More policing reduces crime but little is known about the mechanism. Does policing deter crime by reducing its … between policing and arrests. During shift changes a peculiar redeployment of police patrols belonging to separate police … that criminals exploit these dips in police performance. A back of the envelope calculation suggests that incapacitation …

to lead a life of crime than those graduating into a buoyant labour market. These effects are long lasting and …

between unemployment and crime also depends on preexisting local crime levels. In order to analyze conjectured nonlinearities … quantile regressions confirm the positive link between unemployment and crime for property crimes, results for assault differ … importance of the relationship are conditional on the crime rate: The partial effect is significantly positive for moderately low …

Empirical evidence reveals that unemployment tends to increase property crime but that it has no effect on violent …. Unemployment increases the relative attractiveness of large and less violent gangs engaging more in property crime. … crime. To explain these facts, we examine a model of criminal gangs and suggest that there is a substitution effect between …

For nearly 50 years academics have been studying how labor markets affect crime. The initial interesting and important … theoretical and empirical work generated substantial interest in studying crime among economists, in particular, and scholars in … markets reduce crime seems obvious and is widely accepted by many policy makers and academics, empirical results fail to show …

, police officers, fire fighters, and construction workers. It holds conditional on differences in observable state …