poverty reduction: helping the poor earn more in the labour market for the work they do, so that they can buy the goods and … services they need to move up out of poverty. …

This paper estimates trends in absolute poverty in urban China from 1988 to 2002 using the Chinese Household Income … Project (CHIP) surveys. Poverty incidence curves are plotted, showing that poverty has fallen markedly during the period … regardless of the exact location of the poverty line. Income inequality rose from 1988 to 1995 but has been fairly constant …

control for issues of self-selection and endogeneity in the firms' decisions to export by providing fixed effects and …

import as well as the export activity of the firm. These two innovations allow us to avoid large biases that characterized … recent theories that aim at explaining participation both in export and import markets and at including non …

workforce sheds new light on the role of highly qualified employees for success on export markets that is not revealed by the …

of income and export intensity. We investigate theoretically and empirically how financial constraints affect a firm …'s innovation and export activities, using unique firm survey data which provides direct measures for innovations and firm … export and hence to catch up to the technological frontiers. This negative effect is amplified as financial constraints force …

subsidies on export activities we find no impact of subsidies on the probability to start exporting, and only weak evidence for …