clerical occupations, is largely uncorrelated with regional exposure to trade competition from China. While the impacts of …

There is a well-known debate about the roles of geography versus institutions in explaining the long-term development … Robinson (2001) was to address this last point by using settler mortality as an instrument for geography-induced endogenous … mechanisms from geography via institutions to economic development outcomes. In particular, we examine the determinants of …

measures of geography within Europe, we show that i) geography explains both genetic distance and transportation costs between … European countries, and ii) genetic distance does not explain economic outcomes once we control for geography. We conclude that …

distance (while controlling for country size). Since geography may affect income through other channels, we also control for …

trade and immigration flows are based on geography and the demographic trends of each country’s trade and migration partners …

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). We contribute to addressing this gap by exploring the patterns of … de-industrialization (Brazil, Russia and South Africa). China is the only country where an expanding manufacturing sector … China and the other BRICS. These differences are down to differences in industrial policy: in China industrial policy …