changes in troop levels on violent crime in El Paso County, where Fort Carson is located. Our results suggest that never …-deployed units contributed to community violence in the form of assaults, murders, and robberies. In contrast, estimates of the … relationship between the number of previously deployed units and violent crime are generally small and statistically insignificant …

service on crime. Using exact dates of birth for inmates in state and federal prisons in 1979, 1986, and 1991, we find robust … veteran status, these estimates imply that military service increases the probability of incarceration for a violent crime by …

Empirical evidence reveals that unemployment tends to increase property crime but that it has no effect on violent … crime. To explain these facts, we examine a model of criminal gangs and suggest that there is a substitution effect between … property crime and violent crime at work. In the model, non-monetary valuation of gang membership is private knowledge. Thus …

contracts, or to seek protection from competitors' improper behaviors. In these contexts, violence is used to enforce previous … first piece of evidence on the causal effect of illegality on systemic violence. Brazil has historically been the main world … increases in violence after prohibition in areas with: (i) higher share of mahogany exports before prohibition; (ii) higher …

We investigate how emigration flows from a developing region are affected by xenophobic violence at destination. Our … intention of household heads decreases from 37% to 33%. The sensitivity of migration intentions to violence is larger for … insurance against the consequences young children suffer in case the household head would be harmed by xenophobic violence and …