crime, and the penalty and probability of detection. We find that the probability of stealing is increasing in the amount of …

known about the effects of private police on crime. The current study examines the relationship between a privately …-funded university police force and crime in a large U.S. city. Following an expansion of the jurisdictional boundary of the private … police force, we see no short-term change in crime. However, using a geographic regression discontinuity approach, we find …

affected by the reform. We consider the effects of a major Swedish educational reform on crime by exploiting its staggered … implementation across Sweden. We first show that the reform reduced crime rates for the generation directly affected by the reform …. We then show that the benefits extended to the next generation with large reductions in the crime rates of the children …

This survey summarizes the classical fundamentals of modern deterrence theory, covers major theoretical and empirical … findings on the impact of certainty and severity of punishment (and the interplay thereof) as well as underlying methodological …

This paper studies intercollegiate athletics in the context of the theory of cartels. Some point to explicit attempts … evidence of cartel behavior. Others argue that such limits enhance product quality by preserving amateurism. I find that the …

Army. We conduct choice experiments - simultaneous prisoner’s dilemma games, with and without third-party punishment - in … not lead to hostility, in the sense of vindictive punishment of outsiders, but does affect norm enforcement, enhancing …

We report evidence from public goods experiments with and without punishment which we conducted in Russia with 566 … cooperation-enhancing effect of punishment. An important reason is that there is substantial spiteful punishment of high …

altruistic punishment by using public goods experiments. We conducted the experiments in Turkey at different points in time; one … punishment among individuals during Ramadan, even when the degree of their religiosity varied. However, less religious people did …

heterogeneous groups. When punishment is not allowed all groups converge towards free-riding. With punishment, contributions … that these differences are not accidental but enforced by punishment. The enforced contribution norms are related to …

and privileged groups with and without decentralized punishment. We find that compared to normal groups, privileged groups … are relatively ineffective in using costly sanctions to increase everyone's contributions. Punishment is less targeted …