using nationally representative survey data of Indian manufacturing enterprises for the period 1995-2006. In these years of … fast economic growth, subcontracting by formal enterprises gained importance, while the informal sector continued to … account for 90 per cent of total manufacturing employment. In order to contrast between a 'modernization' and a 'stagnation …

suggest something quite different: that over the course of a "mobility transition", emigration generally rises with economic … development until countries reach upper-middle income, and only thereafter falls. This note quantifies the shape of the mobility … transition in every decade since 1960. It then briefly surveys 45 years of research, which has yielded six classes of theory to …

and city population. This paper embeds a “black box” agglomeration economy within a more neoclassical general equilibrium … and wages move in the same direction under neo-classical assumptions, agglomeration economies in production, congestion in … production, or urbanization economies in consumption. On their own, none of these urban scale effects generate the observed …

Urbanization economies – the effects on productivity and utility created endogenously by larger cities – are a … fundamental component of both the economic geography of modern societies and the perpetuation of innovation and economic growth at … development constraints generate covariation in local incomes, housing prices and population. In that model, the strength of the …

effects on home and job location, on land use, and on agglomeration benefits are hard to pin down. We develop a spatial …

different growth trajectories if they differently motivate risk-taking. Historically, risk sharing institutions were selected … based on their cultural and institutional compatibility and not their unforeseen growth implications. We simulate our growth … model incorporating England’s and China’s distinct pre-modern risk-sharing institutions. The model predicts a transition in …

the developing world tends to be low productivity employment, and as countries move up the development path, the …