primarily rewards individual characteristics other than immigration status. We also found that the lowest paid immigrants, whom … proportionately larger non-white and lower paid white immigration. …

analysis suggests significant differences in the probability of downward occupational mobility by gender, immigration status … market position at the time of immigration, but are also able to reach their original occupational status much faster than …

skills for immigrants in Spain. The motivation of the paper is threefold. Language skills are important for an individual …

disappear by 3 ½ years after immigration for speaking skills, but they persist for reading and writing skills. The variables … destination language proficiency among immigrants. Skills tested and economic immigrants have the greatest proficiency shortly … after immigration, followed by family-based visa recipients, with refugees having the lowest proficiency. These differences …

migrants, destination language skills display both a prerequisite for and outcome of successful integration. Investments into … destination language skills are highly rewarded by wage returns and higher employment probabilities and act as the medium of …